Based on the Intercountry Inputoutput database developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECDICIO database), this article constructs a revealed comparative advantage (RCA) model based on the value added in exports from the perspective of division of labor in the industrial chain, and analyzes the characteristics and driving factors of the relative levels of Chinese manufacturing enterprises participation in international industrial chain, domestic upstream industrial chain, and domestic downstream industrial chainIt shows that the comparative advantage of the division of labor in the industrial chain of Chinas manufacturing industry has been at a low level for a long timeThe manufacturing industry with high research and development (R&D) intensity is highly dependent on international industrial chain and has not extended enough to domestic downstream industrial chain, while the medium and mediumlow R&D intensity manufacturing industries have achieved a certain degree of improvement in the division of labor of the industrial chain by expanding to domestic upstream and downstream linksHow to reduce the dependence of Chinese manufacturing enterprises on upstream international supply, increase their extension to domestic downstream industrial chain, and improve the overall level of division of labor in Chinese industrial chain is one of the key directions for Chinas manufacturing industry to achieve industrial transformation and upgrading.

The dilemma of modernization facing most developing countries are closely linked to the Western dominated world systemOn the one hand, the advantage of the developed countries makes it difficult for developing countries to catch up, and, in the meantime, those developed nations intentionally hinder the economic development of developing countriesOn the other hand, structural changes in the world system make it hard for developing countries to have the“window of development.” As developing countries gradually transit from colonial oppression to political independence, the global economic structure has also shifted from national to transnational economiesWhile the former provides conditions for developing countries to autonomously formulate developmental strategies, the latter continuously weakens their economic sovereignty, forcing them to passively respond to the global economic systemThe success of Chinese modernization demonstrates that internal factors remain the key for latecomers to catch up with the developed economiesThree factors deserve our special attention, which are, achieving political independence, establishing a socialist system that serves the interests of the majority, and adopting a competitive strategy of advantage under the principle of selfreliance.

As one of the latest achievements in the historical transformation and development of Chinese social governance, the “four turns” of social governance (socialization, legalization, intelligentization, and specialization) not only provide specific directions for the construction of the system of the New Eras social governance, but also provide new standards for the evaluation and form a new paradigm for Chinese social governanceThis study proposes a new theory called a multidimensional, composite, social governance based on a systematic literature review and a comparison of traditional Chinese and Western societies, and advocates for an indepth exploration of various possible composite effects between the “four turns” innovation of social governance in the New Era, such as the offsetting, paralleling, average, complementary, synergistic, and multiple composite effectsThis new theory not only provides a good explanation for the practice of “four turns” in social governance, but also provides important references for optimizing Chinese and other like social governance practices.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), General Secretary Xi Jinping has clearly put forward the major assertion of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and defined it as the main line of the Partys ethnic work and all work in ethnicminorityinhabited areas in the new eraAs the guiding principle for the Partys ethnic work in the new era, this assertion is a major theoretical and practical achievement of the PartyIt is the result of the Party adhering to the“two combinations”, focusing on the“two overall situations,”deeply summarizing the experience and lessons of ethnic work at home and abroad, and profoundly examining the developmental trend of the community of Chinese nationThis assertion has enriched and developed Marxist ethnic theory, played a fundamental role in the formation of General Secretary Xi Jinpings important thought on strengthening and improving ethnic work, consolidated and expanded the correct path of solving ethnic problems with Chinese characteristics, and pointed out the forward direction for the highquality development of the Partys ethnic work in the new era. This paper summarizes and combs the development of this major assertion, comprehensively analyzes its scientific connotation and main content, reveals the internal logic and great significance between the abovementioned connotation and content, and points out the basic principles, key tasks, and basic requirements for implementing the forging of a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting its constructionAccurately grasping the scientific connotation and task requirements of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation is a prerequisite for earnestly implementing General Secretary Xi Jinpings important thought on strengthening and improving ethnic work.

The development of logic in premodern China started from rectifying names, a practice of political management of restoring rituals in the beginning, and then evolving into the theory on names and argumentThe theory on names and argument explains reasons through analogies with many argumentation skillsThe core concept of the theory of names and argument is category, which is a generalization of the universal conceptThere are two modes of reasoning, both of which include classification, classifying, comparison with analogy, and reasoning by analogy, and both of which obey the principle of class similarityPremodern Chinese logicians did not make a clear distinction between these two modelsNeither did they make a clear distinction between deduction and nondeduction, which made the theory of reasoning by class limited in seeking truths, yet more suitable for literary and artistic creation and the exploration of goodnessThese features are rooted in the fact that the theory of reasoning by class is not based on a proper conceptual framework, and the classes it needs to process include lots of actionevent classesAll these hinder people from transforming the theory of Three Categories into the system of inference rules, and, as a result, limit the development of premodern Chinese logic theoriesThis is in sharp contrast with the western logic theories, which starts from the exploration of the primitive and has a complete conceptual system as the foundationThe latter rely on the predication structure to explore the general laws of the predication relation, which is suitable for seeking truths in scientific research.

Confucianism has often been criticized for advocating male supremacy and female subordination, yet such criticism does not present the whole pictureWhile preQin Confucian did prioritize the husbands right, they did not emphasize mens supremacy over womenFor example, it says in the Book of Rites that husband and wife are equalIt even states in the Book of Changes that women are superior to menThese statements constitute a complete picture of preQin Confucian marital ethics alongside the universal rational laws embodied in concepts of benevolence and righteousness, a picture distinctly different from the increasingly onedimensional and absolutist family ethics after the Qin and Han dynastiesThe modern, revolutionary idea advocates gender equality and womens liberation, yet it failed to reasonably distinguish the public from the private spheresTo some extent, it blurred the boundaries between the household and the societyThe reconstruction of contemporary marital ethics should adhere to the principle of returning to the roots with innovation in order to rebuild marital ties based on Confucian values laying the foundation for modern familial ethics.

The deep linkage between world changes and the surrounding power structure in the new era has profound impact on China's diplomacy with its neighboring countriesThis requires some new thinking on how to deal with the relations with China's neighboring countriesThe innovation of such thinking is reflected in the aim to build a community with a shared future, its emphasis on strategic mutual trust, the joint effort to construct the“Belt and Road”as the main platform, as well as the security model and value for AsiaThe new approach to Chinas diplomacy with its neighboring countries is also an innovation, clearly different from the traditional approachTraditional great powers generally believe that interstate relations are zero sum games, and they try to influence, infiltrate, and even control their neighboring countries through their advantages in politics, economy, security, humanities, and so forthIn order to implement the innovative thinking on the diplomacy with the neighboring countries in the new era, we should continue to carry out effective trustbuilding, promote regional integration with our neighboring countries, increase investment in security resources in the neighboring areas, and expand exchanges and communication with our neighboring countries.

Improving the national enforcement system is important to continue to vigorously promote the comprehensive rule of law, of which, the comprehensive optimization of the criminal execution system constitutes an important part to improve the national enforcement systemThe power of enforcement is relatively independent in the field of law enforcement and judicial administrationIn terms of the allocation and exercise of authority, it should be reasonably separated from the power of trial, so as to realize the mutual cooperation and restriction between the power of enforcement and that of supervision, investigation, prosecution, and trialThe criminal enforcement power should be separated from the administrative power of public securityIts nature as an administrative power to realize the substantive content determined by judicial judgment should be clarifiedIn terms of legislation, the approach that integrates law compendium and supplementary legislation is a pragmatic choice at present in view of the various problems existing in decentralized legislation and the immature time for codificationIt should systematically sort out the existing norms and fill in the legislative gaps to create positive conditions for codificationIn terms of institutions, the judicial administrative units should take the lead in the criminal execution work in coordinating with the public security , judicial, and other units.

:Based on the 2016 and 2023 data of the China Urban Labor Survey (CULS), this article constructs a unified framework to analyze the mechanisms through which job mobility affects income by assessing the skill levels and skill matching of workersThis study finds that job mobility can lower income by causing skill depreciation, but can also raise income by improving skill matchingIt exhibits a nonlinear effect characterized by an initial increase followed by a decrease. Further analysis shows that both the positive matching and the negative depreciation effects of job mobility will intensify following the increase of human capitalHowever, structural imbalances in the labor market hinder skill matching for highereducated workers, while subjecting lowerskilled migrant workers to more pronounced skill depreciationTo improve the labor market and harness human capital for innovation and highquality growth, it is imperative to align the toplevel design of education with the longterm skill demands of economic development, and enhance the equalization of basic public services to mitigate skill depreciation resulting from the disorderly mobility of migrant workers.

As a novel production factor in the era of the digital economy, data factors are crucial for strengthening, optimizing, and scaling the digital economy and for promoting highquality developmentFollowing the main line from factor characteristics to micromechanisms, macroeconomic growth, and accounting framework, this article starts from the technoeconomic characteristics of data factors to analyze their microlevel mechanisms influencing economic growth upon defining the concepts of data factors and digital economyIn examining the pathways through which data factors operate on economic growth via neoclassical growth, endogenous growth, and factorbiased technological progress, it constructs a unified model of the digital economy growthThis article further proposes a system for digital economy that reflecting the circular flow of the national economy in the digital era, defines the “Digital Production Possibility Frontier” (DPPF) and the “Expanded Digital Production Possibility Frontier” (EDPPF), and develops a multitiered growth accounting framework that comprehensively captures the contribution of the digital economy growth and its welfare effects.

L-historisme matérialiste is the subjective definition of historical materialism as a subordinate theory of “historicism” by scholars of “historicism”The emergence of lhistorisme matérialiste is based on the ideological motivation of historicist theorists to reflect on the inherent flaws of historicism, and it distinguishes itself from the mainstream understanding of historicism with distinct realistic and materialist characteristicsHowever, lhistorisme matérialiste is confined by its own historicist principlesBehind the onesided emphasis on the historical characteristics of historical materialism lies a series of deconstructive and narrow definitions of historical materialism, including historical economicism as a variant of economic determinism, the binary structure of the combination of human natural nature and historicism, the negative understanding of the dominant position of human beings, and the historical socialism that denies practical attributes and revolutionary characteristicsThe criticism of lhistorisme matérialiste enlightens us to reexamine the ideological connection between historical materialism and historicismIn the traditional determination of the relationship between the two, namely the identity theory, the divergence theory, and the inheritance transcendence theory, the divergence theory is relatively correct, but it fails to condense the understandingIn fact, the transcendence of historical materialism over historicism lies in replacing the historical ontology of the conceptualized history with material production, replacing the historical teleology theory of the subject of imagination with the historical subject theory emphasizing peoples role in creation, replacing the theory of historical irregularity with dialectics in the social and historical structure, and replacing the special thinking method with the dialectical unity of universality and particularity.

The criminal law protection of data in China mainly stipulates the offenses of protecting the data carrier and the information included in itWhen applying these offenses in judicial practice, there are two interpreting schemes, one emphasizing integration and the other, differentiationThe first scheme tends to lead to excessive protection of data, while the second, tending to cause insufficient protection of dataThis results from these two schemes being limited to the internal norms and the lack of an external perspective of normsIn order to avoid excessive or insufficient criminal protection of data, it is necessary to choose functionalist interpretation and incorporate the function of protecting the secure circulation of data into the interpretation of these offensesSpecifically, the interpreting scheme can be selected hierarchically on the basis of the data being divided into the data carrier as a symbol and true informationOn the one hand, the offenses of protecting the data carrier protect the existence state of the data carrier under the safe operation of the computer information systemWhen the existence state of the data carrier is violated and, thus, affects the safe operation of the computer information system, the offenses of protecting the data carrier should be appliedOn the other hand, the offenses of protecting the information protect the interest reflected by the information itself under the secure circulation of the informationWhen the interest reflected by the information itself is infringed upon and, thus, affects the secure circulation of the information, the offenses of protecting the information shall apply.

As our intrinsic subjective experience, pain possesses the following distinct characteristics: intrinsic direct relevance, subjectivity, and crosssubjective shareabilityThe intrinsic subjective sensation is the fundamental characteristic of qualiaIt cannot be reduced to its various external manifestationsQualia are our intrinsic subjective sensations, but this does not mean that they are private and unique to each individualOn the contrary, qualia can be shared across subjectsThe crosssubjective shareability of qualia forms the true foundation of human social communitiesThe subjectivity of sensation is a product of biological evolution, through which, life has acquired the capacity for subjective sensations, even selfawareness, and so forthSuch capacity constitutes a new mode of existence for life, and reestablishes the foundation for the existence of living beings.

Maintaining a stable manufacturing proportion within its economy constitutes a crucial policy objective of the Chinese governmentIn recent years, China has witnessed a continuous decline in the proportion of its manufacturing sector, indicating a significant trend toward deindustrializationUtilizing the data of a number of cities, this article examines the impact and mechanisms of deindustrialization on economic growthIt reveals that premature deindustrialization characterized by an underdeveloped manufacturing sector significantly hinders economic growthThe analysis further indicates that the constrained expansion of the manufacturing sector and the reduced factor productivity constitute two primary mechanisms through which premature deindustrialization slows down economic growthThis article also demonstrates that the effects of premature deindustrialization are more pronounced in the central and western regionsHowever, by expanding the scale of the manufacturing sector, regional industrial transfer can alleviate these negative effects in less developed areasThese findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the scale, mechanism, and responses related to premature deindustrialization, and provide empirical insights for implementing the manufacturing powerhouse strategy to promote highquality development in Chinas manufacturing sector.

Current criminal legislation in China has undergone a shift of functionalist developmentAs a category expressing the degree attributes, coherence is a necessary condition for the effective existence of the criminal law systemAfter more than ten amendments to the criminal law, Chinas functional criminal law has achieved systemic integration, but there are still issues such as normative conflicts and structural contradictions, and this indicates that its system has not yet reached a high level of integrationThe fundamental cause of the systemic problems of the functional criminal law lies in the fact that, under the influence of the unified criminal code complex, the legislature takes the criminal code as the only form of expression of the functional criminal law, and this results in a mismatch between the manifestation of functionalist criminal law and its pursuit of multiple valuesFor this reason, the legislature should break free from the improper constraints of the legislative guiding ideology of the unified criminal code, recognize the functions and roles of diverse criminal law legislative models in ensuring the compatibility of the manifestation of the functionalist criminal law with its pursuit of multiple values, and correctly implement the legislative principles and requirements of taking the criminal code as the main body and the special criminal law, supplementAt the same time, it is also necessary to strictly follow the respective legislative mechanisms of the criminal code, the specific criminal law, and the subsidiary criminal law, and to achieve a highly coherent microsubsystem of the criminal law that is both relatively independent and mutually supportive in order to accomplish a highly coherent system of functionalist criminal law.

The Book of Great Unity provides a detailed depiction of the form of human civilization and is the culmination of Kang Youweis thought on the Great UnityDetermining how and when the present version of The Book of Great Unity was formed is key to understanding the evolution of Kang Youweis thought on the Great UnityThe Book of Great Unity went through a process from having no organization to being written down in IndiaThe draft of the newly discovered The Book of Great Unity is so far the earliest draft of The Book of Great Unity, and the revised version was edited by Kang Youwei himself from 1912 to 1913, when the structure and scale of the book were determined and the basic appearance of the current version was formedFrom the perspective of organization, the revised version was first divided into chapters and paragraphs and the overall structure was significantly adjustedSplit the eight volumes are split into ten parts, and the“Eliminating National Borders”is placed at the beginning of the“Eliminating the Nine Borders”In terms of its content, this edition shows that Kang Youweis personal observations and the specific examples were greatly enriched in his travels to over 30 countriesThe opportunity for Kang Youwei to revise The Book of Great Unity coincided with the historical transformation of China from a monarchy to a republic country, reflecting his thoughts and responses to this changing timesFrom the draft edition to the revised edition, the revisions and adjustments of The Book of Great Unity reveal that Kang Youweis“creation”of the Great Unity plan was under constant change and ultimately made the thought of the Great Unity a practical plan with contemporary relevance.

The value justification of Chinese modernization requires a breakthrough of the binary factversusvalue framework of and the establishment of its legitimacy and validity through the integration of Chinese cultural heritage and the practical advancementAs a new form of human civilization that transcends the logic of capitalist domination, Chinese modernization has successfully constructed a threelayered, mutually constitutive paradigm of value both theoretically and practically. Firstly, the humancentered value paradigm defines the ultimate goal of restoring human subjectivity and enabling free development with the modernization of humanity at its core. Secondly, the justiceoriented value paradigm achieves a historical leap from formal equality to substantive fairness guided by the pursuit of substantive justiceThirdly, the commonvalue paradigm embodies a profound concern for and conscious commitment to the shared destiny of humanity oriented toward the common interests of humankindThese three dimensions are progressively interlinked, and together they form the core value system of Chinese modernizationThis not only provides normative guidance for Chinas own development, but is also a great contribution to global modernization by transcending the predicaments of western modernity and exploring new pathways for human progress, and, thus, lays a solid foundation for the construction of Chinas idependent knowledge system.

Karl Marx inherited the traditions of classical political economy and philosophy, and elevated labor to the status of practice across the ontology, existence, history, and emancipation four dimensionsHowever, due to the subjectobject objectivity logic inherent in labor, it struggles to fully integrate the social relational dimension of the concept of practiceThis article argues that Marxs concept of communication provides a crucial complement for the understanding of practiceMarxs concept of communication constitutes the principle of a civil society together with the objectification of laborWithin this framework, labor serves as the material foundation for communication and spurs its emergence, while communication compensates for the limitations of labor through the shaping of social relationsThey are unified in practiceThe transition to a practice logic of the laborcommunication mutual constitution not only transcends the trap of abstract subjectivity in humanism but also avoids the onedimensional interpretation of capitalist society by material determinismSuch transition also achieves an internal coherence between the theory of alienation and the paradigm of historical materialismThe reconstruction of practice as the processual unity of labor and communication provides the methodological support for the reinterpretation of Marxs concept of societyIt also theoretically addresses the classic issue on the discontinuity and continuity in the development of Marxs thought, and opens a new interpretive path for further developing practical materialism.

Kant's concept of autonomy affirms humans free will, that is, the capacity for selfdetermination and selflegislation independent of sensual inclinations and impulsesHowever, according to Mou Zongsans interpretation, moral will itself is insufficient to generate moral motivation, and this leads to his introducing the notion of ontological feelingWhile his approach is not without insight, Mou reconstructs the concept of autonomy by shifting its context from free will to a discourse on ethical human nature, inevitably resulting in some conceptual ambiguityBuilding on this notion of autonomy, Mou further establishes a doctrinal distinction between Mencius and Xunzi, positing an opposition between the “virtuous heartmind” and the “cognitive heartmind” , and categorizing Xunzis ethics as heteronomyThis interpretation has gained widespread influence, yet gradually encounters its theoretical bottleneckIn light of this, this article reexamines the Kantian concept of moral autonomy through comparative analysis with Xunzis notions of “heartmind” and “normativity” in an attempt to demonstrate the presence of moral autonomy in Xunzis ethical frameworkTo this end, the article rigorously addresses potential theoretical challenges to Xunzis moral autonomy and explores the possibility of constructing a robust Confucian moral metaphysics by reconciling and transcending Kantian ethics through Xunzis philosophical pathway.