The concepts of morality and ethos are basic ones in ethical studies.However,there is significant difference of acknowledging these two concepts between the West and East in the view of history of thoughts.With the modernization,orientals have had to experience the changing of their traditional concept so that they can adapt to the new world and theory systems.After a few drawbacks and failures,modern Japan has caught up with western colleagues.

Self-efficacy refers to a person's self-beliefs in his or her ability to perform specific tasks.It has four major sources: enactive attainment,vicarious experience,verbal persuasion and emotional arousal state.One's self-efficacy can affect his choice of activities and environments,level of motivation.Self-efficacy often plays an important role in improving people's work performance,motivation and attitude.

本文简要地描述了改革开放以来我国大众传播业发展的基本轨迹,探讨了我国媒介业生存法则的变迁,强调了有效地占有当前的传播市场对于主流传媒的极其重要性,提出了在现阶段传媒产业的发展中,知道“在哪做”和知道“做什么”是比知道“怎么做”更重要的战略思考,并就什么样的媒体投资才是有效的这一我国媒体产业现实发展的关键问题做出了自己的判断。

新中国成立以来，国内学界对国家安全问题进行了持续分析，国家安全认知研究从“传统的二元”向“非传统的无穷大”转变，国家安全理论范式研究从马克思主义“一元主导”向“多元主义”探讨转变；国家安全挑战研究从“意识形态冲突”向“内外多重动因”转变；国家安全战略研究从“扁平化”向“立体化”转变，为推进我国国家安全战略的发展和完善提供了坚实的智力支撑。当前国内相关研究还存在一些问题，如内容过于集中、研究视角和研究力量过于单一、缺乏足够的实证分析等。应进一步强化问题意识，提升国家安全问题研究的针对性，整合研究力量，加强实证和多学科分析，在全面把握当下国际国内局势的基础上，不断促进该领域研究的深化发展。

As the earliest civil service examination in the world,the imperial examination has very important influence on the western civil service system.Based on the improvement of the imperial examination,the modern civil service system was established in western countries.The relation between the imperial examination and western civil system became a main aspect for the traditional Chinese culture to exert influence on foreign countries.

Using the data from the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability,this essay analyzes the present employment situation of the disabled in China.Four factors including health condition and educational level of the disabled,social security status and regional economic development are the main factors determining the employment.With the method of principal component analysis,the paper discusses the factors which influence regional employment disparity of the disabled covering economic situation,industrial structure and social security.Finally,some policy recommendation are proposed to promote the employment of the disabled in China,such as strengthening rehabilitation programs,improving their educational levels and encouraging the disabled to start their own business to realize more employment.

It must be admitted that Freud has eventually failed to reveal the essence of the unconscious though he had attempted to interpret it alternatively from the topographical,economic and dynamic points of viewIt is on the basis of his contribution and beginning from his failure that Jacques Lacan asserts “the unconscious is the Others discourse”However,it is impossible for us to truly understand this dictum unless we first grasp why Lacan claims “the unconscious is structured like a language” and what this kind of structure isGiven that the unconscious is a particular discourse,we have to further ask whose discourse it isFor this reason,we find ourselves facing another fundamental discovery of psychoanalysis,the alienation and division of the subject,which is proved far more essential for us to understand Lacans another dictum,namely“mans desire is the desire of the Other”However,who is the Other? This is the last problem this paper has to overcome

适应客观形势发展需要,国务院在今年初颁布了《失业保险条例》,这是加强失业保险制度建设,全面推进失业保险工作的重大举措。与《条例》实施前的有关规定相比,《条例》对失业保险的覆盖范围、基金筹集、缴费比例、待遇标准、享受条件、基金支出、管理监督等方面进行了重大改革, 作出了新的规定。

The theoretical patterns involve investigation,comprehension,analysis and assumption of organizational activities.Based on the comparison and contrast among "communication-organization","balance""school-process"theories,the authors propose and testify their"structure-relationship pattern".Structure is a form of compositions rooted in the organization,implying the value and belief with their organizational control.Relationship,the significance communication penetrating in complicated process,is the basic mode of multi-dimension orientation.

he criticism upon traditional security study was greatly increased in 1980s when the Cold War was coming to its later periodScholars from both sides of the Atlantic participated in the debate,making their contributions to redefining securityHowever by the end of 1990s,the split in security study across the Atlantic has become obviousCritical approaches to security study in Europe were developing more vigorously,which largely reshaped the security study in Europe,and differentiated this subfield of IR in European from that of the US in terms of ontology and research agenda programCopenhagen,Paris and Aberystwyth are the three major locations and branches of European critical security studiesThey manifest the Europeanness and constitute the key components of European school of security theory in an American field

五代十国时期,是我国封建社会中最后一次大规模分裂割据时期,也是几千年中国历史中最黑暗的时期。统治集团除个别成员如周世宗尚能励精图治、艰苦创业,唐庄宗军事上有些作为外,其他人都集中表现了历代统治阶级没落时期的昏庸、残忍、嗜杀、重敛等特点。

As a new practical form,virtual practice means subject practices in the cyberspace with the media of digital.The digital of practice is the footstone and symbol of that the practice breaks through the localization of traditional practice and grows up as a new type of practical form.Virtual practice not only improves the innovation of human cognitive pattern,thinking pattern,living pattern and value conception,but also greatly changes our lives and times.The inosculation of "virtual" and "realism" will constitute a new pattern of people's living and development.

Foucault views power as a constructive element of society, and changes the concept of power from multiple directions. Reasons domination is a core theme in Foucault critical theory of power, which differs fundamentally from the theory of power in Marxs economics critique. Foucaults theory of power displays the typical features of postmodern political theory and leads the basic direction of contemporary political thought

The significant reallife value of Marxist theory of artistic production has been accepted and developed by not only western but also Chinese literary theoristsThe artistic production expounded by Marx is unfolding multidimensionally in the contemporary world，being demonstrated as the artistic production in aesthetic creation，ideologies，and art industriesPresenting several new features，the imbalanced development of artistic production pointed out by Marxist literary theories has been greatly changed：on the one hand，the imbalance between the development of traditional artistic production and that of material production continuedOn the other，new phenomena has emerged from the imbalanced development of factors interior of the artistic productionNew variations have also taken place in the relationship between artistic production and artistic consumption in Marxist theories commercial value and cultural value are both taken care of in the artistic production，and multiple value functions are realized in artistic consumption

Radical Western Scholars expanded further Marx's Theory of Labor Process since 1970s and thought capitalist labor process in the phrase of Fordism.There are much inner flaws in the Fordist labor process based on the Flow Line Production and collectively negotiation between capitalist and labor union,which led to Fordist Crisis.The crisis gave birth to the transition from Fordism to Post-Fordism,which made capitalist productive relations great changes.

Social contract theory provides an analysis framework for understanding the social obligation of the enterprise.In this framework,the enterprise organization gets validity through the social contract with society,and the enterprise social obligation is stipulated by a series of social contract.The contract relationship between enterprise and society stipulates the enterprise obliged to obey the contract,and requests the enterprise behavior to meet the expectation of society and help social and economic improvement.The enterprise and social contract varies owing to the change of social environment,which changes the behavior strategies of the participants and forms new contract by means of repetitive game.

As a value judgment, social equity is based on the equity of interests. In transitional China, social equity has been absorbing public concern increasingly and China is moving to a new era which pays more attention to social equity. This paper contends that the economic growth will not lead to social equity automatically and the unbalanced interests resulted in the weakening social equity sense of people. So, in order to promote social equity, the government should remove the institutional discrimination in public policies; strengthen the implementation education welfare policy and equal employment opportunity policy, and improve the income distribution and social security system.

"The Death of the Author "and "What Is an Author?"are two most influential essays in modern author theory,leading to fierce debate concerning the death and the resurrection of the author,among the debate there appears the ambiguity and even confusion of the author concept.It is of great theoretical significance to prove the co-existence of the two "author(s)"and clarify the difference of the author in text interpretation and the writer in realistic life.There have been various images of the writer in the history of critical theory,and the writer has been attacked and defended in different ways.The resurrection of the writer can be based on three aspects :the theory of the writer,the criticism of the writer,and the ecology of the writer,each with relevant resources,methodology and resolution.It matters to respond to "What matter who's speaking",aquotation by Foucault at the end of his essay,as for the resurrection of the writer in contemporary critical theory.

Legal protection of the cultural heritage begins in modern western countries and presents codification and systematization trend since modern times.France's cultural heritage law has undergone the development of more than two hundred years and has evolved a perfect and typical legal protection system,which centering on CODE DU PATRIMOINE and composed mainly of intangible cultural heritage protection.The article laid special stress on analyzing the principal characters of France's cultural heritage law and summarizes its experiences in legislative system,institution design and application of ideas,and it also evaluates the reference value for China combined with current legal protection status of cultural heritage.

From Hawthorne's age(the first half of 19th century) to the present day,the modern human history of almost two hundred years has given the evidence: the rationalism Hawthorne demonstrated in dealing with the relationship between past and present,individual and society,the humanistic concern he wisely and daringly showed toward the social issues when most of his transcendentalist contemporaries got deeply involved in abolitionism,feminism,communitarianism,temperance and the Civil War,etc..Even though,transcendentalism occupied a demanding position in that era,Hawthorne's thoughts on all of these issues are more likely to break through the bondage of time and space to enlighten us in the 21st century.