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• 2026 Volume 40 Issue 1
  Published: 15 January 2026

    

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  Achievements of and Challenges to China's Rural Land System Reform and Corresponding Suggestions for Policy Making during the 15th Five-Year Plan Period

  KONG Xiangzhi, LI Yuan

  2026, 40(1): 1-13.

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  The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China emphasized that, we must continue to place issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural residents at the top of the Partys work agenda, promote integrated urbanrural development and accelerate building up Chinas strength in agriculturalEntering the stage of integrated urbanrural development, Chinas rural land system has expanded its functional boundaries and become an essential institutional foundation in agricultural and rural modernizationIn reviewing the achievements of the reform of rural land system since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, this study identifies three main advances, that is, the progressive enhancement of the functions of the rural land property rights, the improved efficiency in land allocation, and the strengthening of management institutionsNonetheless, deepening reforms have exposed new systemic challenges, including conflicts between the boundaries of property rights and the membership qualification, constraints of efficiency due to limited investment incentives, and the functions of weakened collective property rights coupled with formalized distribution mechanismsDuring the 15th FiveYear Plan period, the reform of the rural land system should focus on stabilizing the contractual relations, improving allocation efficiency, and optimizing the governance system, so as to consolidate the institutional foundation for accelerating agricultural and rural modernization, and advancing allaround rural revitalization.
  

  
  
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  New Thinking on China's Diplomacy with Its Neighboring Countries in the New Era: Historical Lessons and Practical Direction

  WANG Junsheng

  2026, 40(1): 14-25.

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  The deep linkage between world changes and the surrounding power structure in the new era has profound impact on China's diplomacy with its neighboring countriesThis requires some new thinking on how to deal with the relations with China's neighboring countriesThe innovation of such thinking is reflected in the aim to build a community with a shared future, its emphasis on strategic mutual trust, the joint effort to construct the“Belt and Road”as the main platform, as well as the security model and value for AsiaThe new approach to Chinas diplomacy with its neighboring countries is also an innovation, clearly different from the traditional approachTraditional great powers generally believe that interstate relations are zero sum games, and they try to influence, infiltrate, and even control their neighboring countries through their advantages in politics, economy, security, humanities, and so forthIn order to implement the innovative thinking on the diplomacy with the neighboring countries in the new era, we should continue to carry out effective trustbuilding, promote regional integration with our neighboring countries, increase investment in security resources in the neighboring areas, and expand exchanges and communication with our neighboring countries.
  

  
  
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  On the Construction of a Triple-value Paradigm of the Chinese Modernization

  ZHANG Yonggang, HUANG Yuhuan

  2026, 40(1): 26-36.

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  The value justification of Chinese modernization requires a breakthrough of the binary factversusvalue framework of and the establishment of its legitimacy and validity through the integration of Chinese cultural heritage and the practical advancementAs a new form of human civilization that transcends the logic of capitalist domination, Chinese modernization has successfully constructed a threelayered, mutually constitutive paradigm of value both theoretically and practically. Firstly, the humancentered value paradigm defines the ultimate goal of restoring human subjectivity and enabling free development with the modernization of humanity at its core. Secondly, the justiceoriented value paradigm achieves a historical leap from formal equality to substantive fairness guided by the pursuit of substantive justiceThirdly, the commonvalue paradigm embodies a profound concern for and conscious commitment to the shared destiny of humanity oriented toward the common interests of humankindThese three dimensions are progressively interlinked, and together they form the core value system of Chinese modernizationThis not only provides normative guidance for Chinas own development, but is also a great contribution to global modernization by transcending the predicaments of western modernity and exploring new pathways for human progress, and, thus, lays a solid foundation for the construction of Chinas idependent knowledge system.
  

  
  
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  On the Digital Economy Growth and Accounting Theories Based on Data Factors

  HUANG Yanghua1, 2, ZHANG Jinshuo3, ZHANG Zhongwen2

  2026, 40(1): 37-47.

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  As a novel production factor in the era of the digital economy, data factors are crucial for strengthening, optimizing, and scaling the digital economy and for promoting highquality developmentFollowing the main line from factor characteristics to micromechanisms, macroeconomic growth, and accounting framework, this article starts from the technoeconomic characteristics of data factors to analyze their microlevel mechanisms influencing economic growth upon defining the concepts of data factors and digital economyIn examining the pathways through which data factors operate on economic growth via neoclassical growth, endogenous growth, and factorbiased technological progress, it constructs a unified model of the digital economy growthThis article further proposes a system for digital economy that reflecting the circular flow of the national economy in the digital era, defines the “Digital Production Possibility Frontier” (DPPF) and the “Expanded Digital Production Possibility Frontier” (EDPPF), and develops a multitiered growth accounting framework that comprehensively captures the contribution of the digital economy growth and its welfare effects.
  

  
  
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  On the Human Capital Effect of Job Mobility: Skill Depreciation or Skill Matching?

  QU Yue1, XING Yujie2

  2026, 40(1): 48-63.

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  :Based on the 2016 and 2023 data of the China Urban Labor Survey (CULS), this article constructs a unified framework to analyze the mechanisms through which job mobility affects income by assessing the skill levels and skill matching of workersThis study finds that job mobility can lower income by causing skill depreciation, but can also raise income by improving skill matchingIt exhibits a nonlinear effect characterized by an initial increase followed by a decrease. Further analysis shows that both the positive matching and the negative depreciation effects of job mobility will intensify following the increase of human capitalHowever, structural imbalances in the labor market hinder skill matching for highereducated workers, while subjecting lowerskilled migrant workers to more pronounced skill depreciationTo improve the labor market and harness human capital for innovation and highquality growth, it is imperative to align the toplevel design of education with the longterm skill demands of economic development, and enhance the equalization of basic public services to mitigate skill depreciation resulting from the disorderly mobility of migrant workers.
  

  
  
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  On the Approach of the Systematization of Criminal Enforcement

  SHI Yanan, XUE Zihan

  2026, 40(1): 64-77.

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  Improving the national enforcement system is important to continue to vigorously promote the comprehensive rule of law, of which, the comprehensive optimization of the criminal execution system constitutes an important part to improve the national enforcement systemThe power of enforcement is relatively independent in the field of law enforcement and judicial administrationIn terms of the allocation and exercise of authority, it should be reasonably separated from the power of trial, so as to realize the mutual cooperation and restriction between the power of enforcement and that of supervision, investigation, prosecution, and trialThe criminal enforcement power should be separated from the administrative power of public securityIts nature as an administrative power to realize the substantive content determined by judicial judgment should be clarifiedIn terms of legislation, the approach that integrates law compendium and supplementary legislation is a pragmatic choice at present in view of the various problems existing in decentralized legislation and the immature time for codificationIt should systematically sort out the existing norms and fill in the legislative gaps to create positive conditions for codificationIn terms of institutions, the judicial administrative units should take the lead in the criminal execution work in coordinating with the public security , judicial, and other units.
  

  
  
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  On the Functionalist Interpretation ofData Protection in Criminal Law

  LIU Renwen1, WANG Gongzheng1, 2

  2026, 40(1): 78-90.

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  The criminal law protection of data in China mainly stipulates the offenses of protecting the data carrier and the information included in itWhen applying these offenses in judicial practice, there are two interpreting schemes, one emphasizing integration and the other, differentiationThe first scheme tends to lead to excessive protection of data, while the second, tending to cause insufficient protection of dataThis results from these two schemes being limited to the internal norms and the lack of an external perspective of normsIn order to avoid excessive or insufficient criminal protection of data, it is necessary to choose functionalist interpretation and incorporate the function of protecting the secure circulation of data into the interpretation of these offensesSpecifically, the interpreting scheme can be selected hierarchically on the basis of the data being divided into the data carrier as a symbol and true informationOn the one hand, the offenses of protecting the data carrier protect the existence state of the data carrier under the safe operation of the computer information systemWhen the existence state of the data carrier is violated and, thus, affects the safe operation of the computer information system, the offenses of protecting the data carrier should be appliedOn the other hand, the offenses of protecting the information protect the interest reflected by the information itself under the secure circulation of the informationWhen the interest reflected by the information itself is infringed upon and, thus, affects the secure circulation of the information, the offenses of protecting the information shall apply.
  

  
  
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  A Review of the System Coherence of the Current Chinese Functionalist Criminal Law

  WU Yake

  2026, 40(1): 91-105.

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  Current criminal legislation in China has undergone a shift of functionalist developmentAs a category expressing the degree attributes, coherence is a necessary condition for the effective existence of the criminal law systemAfter more than ten amendments to the criminal law, Chinas functional criminal law has achieved systemic integration, but there are still issues such as normative conflicts and structural contradictions, and this indicates that its system has not yet reached a high level of integrationThe fundamental cause of the systemic problems of the functional criminal law lies in the fact that, under the influence of the unified criminal code complex, the legislature takes the criminal code as the only form of expression of the functional criminal law, and this results in a mismatch between the manifestation of functionalist criminal law and its pursuit of multiple valuesFor this reason, the legislature should break free from the improper constraints of the legislative guiding ideology of the unified criminal code, recognize the functions and roles of diverse criminal law legislative models in ensuring the compatibility of the manifestation of the functionalist criminal law with its pursuit of multiple values, and correctly implement the legislative principles and requirements of taking the criminal code as the main body and the special criminal law, supplementAt the same time, it is also necessary to strictly follow the respective legislative mechanisms of the criminal code, the specific criminal law, and the subsidiary criminal law, and to achieve a highly coherent microsubsystem of the criminal law that is both relatively independent and mutually supportive in order to accomplish a highly coherent system of functionalist criminal law.
  
  
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  Labor and Communication: On the Inner Dimensions and Their Interconnections in Marx's Concept of Practice

  CHEN Jingguo1, 2

  2026, 40(1): 106-120.

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  Karl Marx inherited the traditions of classical political economy and philosophy, and elevated labor to the status of practice across the ontology, existence, history, and emancipation four dimensionsHowever, due to the subjectobject objectivity logic inherent in labor, it struggles to fully integrate the social relational dimension of the concept of practiceThis article argues that Marxs concept of communication provides a crucial complement for the understanding of practiceMarxs concept of communication constitutes the principle of a civil society together with the objectification of laborWithin this framework, labor serves as the material foundation for communication and spurs its emergence, while communication compensates for the limitations of labor through the shaping of social relationsThey are unified in practiceThe transition to a practice logic of the laborcommunication mutual constitution not only transcends the trap of abstract subjectivity in humanism but also avoids the onedimensional interpretation of capitalist society by material determinismSuch transition also achieves an internal coherence between the theory of alienation and the paradigm of historical materialismThe reconstruction of practice as the processual unity of labor and communication provides the methodological support for the reinterpretation of Marxs concept of societyIt also theoretically addresses the classic issue on the discontinuity and continuity in the development of Marxs thought, and opens a new interpretive path for further developing practical materialism.
  

  
  
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  A Historical Materialist Critique of L'Historisme Matérialiste

  DING Yaopeng1, SHEN Jiangping1, 2

  2026, 40(1): 121-133.

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  L-historisme matérialiste is the subjective definition of historical materialism as a subordinate theory of “historicism” by scholars of “historicism”The emergence of lhistorisme matérialiste is based on the ideological motivation of historicist theorists to reflect on the inherent flaws of historicism, and it distinguishes itself from the mainstream understanding of historicism with distinct realistic and materialist characteristicsHowever, lhistorisme matérialiste is confined by its own historicist principlesBehind the onesided emphasis on the historical characteristics of historical materialism lies a series of deconstructive and narrow definitions of historical materialism, including historical economicism as a variant of economic determinism, the binary structure of the combination of human natural nature and historicism, the negative understanding of the dominant position of human beings, and the historical socialism that denies practical attributes and revolutionary characteristicsThe criticism of lhistorisme matérialiste enlightens us to reexamine the ideological connection between historical materialism and historicismIn the traditional determination of the relationship between the two, namely the identity theory, the divergence theory, and the inheritance transcendence theory, the divergence theory is relatively correct, but it fails to condense the understandingIn fact, the transcendence of historical materialism over historicism lies in replacing the historical ontology of the conceptualized history with material production, replacing the historical teleology theory of the subject of imagination with the historical subject theory emphasizing peoples role in creation, replacing the theory of historical irregularity with dialectics in the social and historical structure, and replacing the special thinking method with the dialectical unity of universality and particularity.
  
  
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  On the Changes of Marital Ethics in Confucianism

  ZHAO Fasheng

  2026, 40(1): 134-145.

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  Confucianism has often been criticized for advocating male supremacy and female subordination, yet such criticism does not present the whole pictureWhile preQin Confucian did prioritize the husbands right, they did not emphasize mens supremacy over womenFor example, it says in the Book of Rites that husband and wife are equalIt even states in the Book of Changes that women are superior to menThese statements constitute a complete picture of preQin Confucian marital ethics alongside the universal rational laws embodied in concepts of benevolence and righteousness, a picture distinctly different from the increasingly onedimensional and absolutist family ethics after the Qin and Han dynastiesThe modern, revolutionary idea advocates gender equality and womens liberation, yet it failed to reasonably distinguish the public from the private spheresTo some extent, it blurred the boundaries between the household and the societyThe reconstruction of contemporary marital ethics should adhere to the principle of returning to the roots with innovation in order to rebuild marital ties based on Confucian values laying the foundation for modern familial ethics.
  

  
  
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  One Approach to the Xunzian Moral Autonomy

  WANG Kai

  2026, 40(1): 146-158.

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  Kant's concept of autonomy affirms humans free will, that is, the capacity for selfdetermination and selflegislation independent of sensual inclinations and impulsesHowever, according to Mou Zongsans interpretation, moral will itself is insufficient to generate moral motivation, and this leads to his introducing the notion of ontological feelingWhile his approach is not without insight, Mou reconstructs the concept of autonomy by shifting its context from free will to a discourse on ethical human nature, inevitably resulting in some conceptual ambiguityBuilding on this notion of autonomy, Mou further establishes a doctrinal distinction between Mencius and Xunzi, positing an opposition between the “virtuous heartmind” and the “cognitive heartmind” , and categorizing Xunzis ethics as heteronomyThis interpretation has gained widespread influence, yet gradually encounters its theoretical bottleneckIn light of this, this article reexamines the Kantian concept of moral autonomy through comparative analysis with Xunzis notions of “heartmind” and “normativity” in an attempt to demonstrate the presence of moral autonomy in Xunzis ethical frameworkTo this end, the article rigorously addresses potential theoretical challenges to Xunzis moral autonomy and explores the possibility of constructing a robust Confucian moral metaphysics by reconciling and transcending Kantian ethics through Xunzis philosophical pathway.
  
  
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  Creating the Great Unity: On the Composition and Revision of The Book of Great Unity and the Evolution of  Kang Youwei's Plan to Achieve the Great Unity

  XIANG Xuan

  2026, 40(1): 159-173.

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  The Book of Great Unity provides a detailed depiction of the form of human civilization and is the culmination of Kang Youweis thought on the Great UnityDetermining how and when the present version of The Book of Great Unity was formed is key to understanding the evolution of Kang Youweis thought on the Great UnityThe Book of Great Unity went through a process from having no organization to being written down in IndiaThe draft of the newly discovered The Book of Great Unity is so far the earliest draft of The Book of Great Unity, and the revised version was edited by Kang Youwei himself from 1912 to 1913, when the structure and scale of the book were determined and the basic appearance of the current version was formedFrom the perspective of organization, the revised version was first divided into chapters and paragraphs and the overall structure was significantly adjustedSplit the eight volumes are split into ten parts, and the“Eliminating National Borders”is placed at the beginning of the“Eliminating the Nine Borders”In terms of its content, this edition shows that Kang Youweis personal observations and the specific examples were greatly enriched in his travels to over 30 countriesThe opportunity for Kang Youwei to revise The Book of Great Unity coincided with the historical transformation of China from a monarchy to a republic country, reflecting his thoughts and responses to this changing timesFrom the draft edition to the revised edition, the revisions and adjustments of The Book of Great Unity reveal that Kang Youweis“creation”of the Great Unity plan was under constant change and ultimately made the thought of the Great Unity a practical plan with contemporary relevance.