Based on the theory of equal opportunity,starting from factor market and income distribution,this paper explores the transformation process of agricultural and rural development from inequality of opportunity to equality of opportunity since the founding of Peoples Republic of ChinaThe research conclusion shows that from the point of view of the factor market,the transformation occurs and develops because the“environment”factors which are not conducive to agricultural development have been gradually eliminated while the“effort”factors which are conducive to agricultural development have been promotedThe factors have become an important driving force for agricultural development,and the road from inequality of opportunity to equality of opportunity has been realizedFrom the perspective of income distribution,we should narrow the income gap in rural areas,take poverty alleviation as the landing point,change the mode of poverty alleviation development from“shortterm”in the early stage of reform and openingup to“longterm”in precise poverty alleviation,change the mode of poverty alleviation and development from“blood transfusion”to“hematopoiesis”in stimulating endogenous motive force of poverty alleviation,and change the carrier of poverty alleviation and development organizations from“single”mode dominated by the government to“longterm”mode centered on the government and the marketThree paths from inequality of opportunity to equality of opportunity has been realizedIn the future,China's agricultural and rural development needs to take equality of opportunity as the starting point,achieve equal opportunities for“people,land and money”,further promote the major strategy of“targeted poverty alleviation”,and realize equal opportunities for income distribution