本文从源头上对国学在20世纪初的产生和20世纪20年代的重要发展进行了梳理。在梳理中发现，国学是甲午中日战争以后最早一批旅日学者在日本民粹主义和日本古学的影响下建立中国古学的尝试，与日本古学发展过程中以汉学为他者加以排斥和改造的做法不同，20世纪初的中国国学是以清政府统治思想为他者，而对于西方的影响，与明治以来的民粹主义思想一致，并不排斥。20世纪20年代以来，以胡适等人为代表的一批知识分子主张以科学的精神整理国故，即以西方科学研究的分类方法对中国传统学术进行整理，从而将国学定义成国故学，并在当时的北京大学和清华学校设立国学研究机构，将这一主张变成了现实，科学的国学一时间成为一个时代国学运动的主流。

In examining the emergence of Chinese guoxue in the beginning of the 20th Century and the turning point of its development in 1920s, this article finds that Chinese guoxue reflects the efforts to establish the study of archaic China made by the earliest groups of Chinese scholars traveling to Japan to study after the SinoJapanese war in 1895, who were strongly influenced by the trends promoting Japanese national pride of its own culture and the study of archaic JapanWhat differentiates Chinese from Japanese guoxue is that Chinese guoxue considered the Qing rule as the other in its initial phase, while Japanese guoxue regarded classical Chinese scholarship as the otherNeither Japanese nor Chinese guoxue promoters argued strongly against the western influencesIn 1920s, Hu Shi, representative of a group of likeminded Chinese scholars, redefined guoxue as an academic field studying all the materials related to Chinas past with the guidance of modern scientific way of categorizing and arranging knowledgeFollowing this trend of scientifically arranging knowledge related to Chinas past, guoxue institutes appeared in Beijing and other places in China from 1920s and this initiated the modernization of traditional Chinese learning.